$re = '/^
(?#Block)
(?<block>(?:[a-z0-9]+)(?:-[a-z0-9]+)*)
(?:__
(?#Element)
(?<element>(?:[a-z0-9]+)(?:-[a-z0-9]+)*)
)?
(?:--
(?#Modifier)
(?<modifier>(?:[a-z0-9]+)(?:-[a-z0-9]+)*)
)?
$/mx';
$str = 'block__element--modifier';
preg_match_all($re, $str, $matches, PREG_SET_ORDER, 0);
// Print the entire match result
var_dump($matches);
Please keep in mind that these code samples are automatically generated and are not guaranteed to work. If you find any syntax errors, feel free to submit a bug report. For a full regex reference for PHP, please visit: http://php.net/manual/en/ref.pcre.php