$re = '/(([^\n:#]*)(?::([^\n#]+))?)(?:#([0-9A-Za-z]+)(?:\((\d+\.?\d*)\))?)?/';
$str = 'Phospho#g1
Glycan:Hex
Glycan:Hex#g1(0.10)
#AAA
#AAA(0.10)
Formula:C6H10O5';
preg_match_all($re, $str, $matches, PREG_SET_ORDER, 0);
// Print the entire match result
var_dump($matches);
Please keep in mind that these code samples are automatically generated and are not guaranteed to work. If you find any syntax errors, feel free to submit a bug report. For a full regex reference for PHP, please visit: http://php.net/manual/en/ref.pcre.php