$re = '/\[(?P<key>.+?)(?:\s+(?P<settings>.*?))?\]/msu';
$str = '### The I_Soil System
The I-soil material model is a nonlinear hysteretic soil model that is based on the distributed
element models developed by [!citet](iwan1967on) and [!citet](chiang1994anew). In 1-D, this model takes
the backbone stress-strain curve and divides it into a set of elastic-perfectly plastic curves. The
total stress then is the sum of the stresses from the individual elastic-perfectly plastic curves.
The three dimensional generalization of this model is achieved using von-Mises failure criteria for
each elastic-perfectly plastic curve resulting in an invariant yield surfaces in three-dimensional
stress space like in [fig:yieldsurface] (after [!citet](chiang1994anew)).';
preg_match_all($re, $str, $matches, PREG_SET_ORDER, 0);
// Print the entire match result
var_dump($matches);
Please keep in mind that these code samples are automatically generated and are not guaranteed to work. If you find any syntax errors, feel free to submit a bug report. For a full regex reference for PHP, please visit: http://php.net/manual/en/ref.pcre.php